Objectives: We examined the effects of the flavanol (-)-epicatechin on short- and long-term infarct size and left ventricular (LV) structure and function after permanent coronary occlusion (PCO) and the potential involvement of the protective protein kinase B (AKT)/extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) signaling pathways. Background: (-)-epicatechin reduces blood pressure in hypertensive patients and limits infarct size in animal models of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, nothing is known about its effects on infarction after PCO.

The consumption of moderate amounts of cocoa products has been associated with reductions in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases. In animal studies, the flavanol (-)-epicatechin (Epi) yields cardioprotection. The effects may be partly due to its capacity to stimulate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). The sustained activation of eNOS as observed with exercise, can serve as a trigger of muscle angiogenesis via the activation of VEGF related events. Experiments were pursued to examine the potential of Epi to stimulate myocardial angiogenesis and determine the effects that its combined use with exercise (Ex) may trigger. Hearts obtained from a previous study

Background and objective: The Metabolic Syndrome (MS) is suggested to develop from –among other factorsinadequate diet. To explore its pathophysiology, animal models of diet-induced obesity and its comorbidities are oftenused, although not all of them produce the same cardiometabolic alterations. Regarding novel therapeutic options, (-)-epicatechin (EPI), the most abundant polyphenol in cacao exerts several beneficial effects on MS features. Therefore, we aimed to test the effects of EPI in the cardiometabolic derangements of rats fed with a diet with added, sugar, saturated fat, added with cholesterol and cholate (Paigen-like diet, PD).

The production of nitric oxide (NO) by nitric oxide synthases (NOS) depends on the bioavailability of L-arginine as NOS competes with arginase for this common substrate. As arginase activity increases, less NO is produced and adverse cardiovascular consequences can emerge. (-)-Epicatechin (EPI), the most abundant flavonoid in cacao, has been reported to stimulate endothelial and neuronal NOS expression and function leading to enhanced vascular function and cardioprotective effects. However, little is known about the effects of EPI on myocardial arginase activity. The aim of the present study was to determine if EPI is able to interact and modulate myocardial arginase

Methods and results: Ischemia was induced in rats via a 45 min occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by 1 h, 48 h, or 3 week reperfusion. EPI (10 mg/kg) was administered IV 15 min prior to reperfusion for the single dose group and again 12 h later for the double dose group. Controls received water. Experiments also utilized cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVM) and myoblasts. A single dose of EPI reduced infarct size by 27% at 48 h and 28% at 3 week. Double dose treatment further decreased infarct size by 80% at 48 h,

Epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between flavonoid-rich diets and improved cardiovascular prognosis. Cocoa contains large amounts of flavonoids, in particular flavanols (mostly catechins and epicatechins). Flavonoids possess pleiotropic properties that may confer protective effects to tissues during injury. We examined the ability of epicatechin to reduce short-and long-term ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) myocardial injury. Epicatechin (1 mg·kg−1·day−1) pretreatment (Tx) was administered daily via oral gavage to male rats for 2 or 10 days. Controls received water. Ischemia was induced via a 45-min coronary occlusion. Reperfusion was allowed until 48 h or 3 wk while Tx continued. We measured infarct (MI) size

Background: Age-adjusted rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are higher in men than in women. CVD risk-factor outcomes are underrecognized, underestimated, and undertreated in women because the clinical expressions in women differ from those of men. There are no universally accepted recommendations on what to do in women when the values of fasting glucose, blood pressure, and lipids are only slightly altered or at borderline values. We reported the positive effects on CVD risk markers using cacao by-products, showing that alternative approaches can be used to prevent cardiovascular disease in women. The objective was to evaluate the changes in lipoprotein subfractions

In the production of chocolate, only cocoa seeds are used, generating by-products that are generally discarded, increasing the risk of environmental contamination. Given fiber, carbohydrates, proteins, and flavonoid content the use of cacao pod husks can generate nutraceutical products for human consumption. In contrast, obesity represents a major public health problem worldwide. Cacao derivatives are able to modulate overweight and lipid disorders. The objective of present work was to prepare and characterize products using cacao by-products and analyze their effects on altered cardiometabolic risk markers in an obesity model induced by high fat diet and fructose ingestion in rats. The

Overweight and obesity have been associated with increase in cardiometabolic risk. Therapeutics include lifestyle changes and/or pharmacologic agents. However, such interventions are often limited by poor compliance and/or significant side effects. The consumption of certain dietary products, such as cocoa, exerts positive effects on cardiometabolic risk factors. (−)-Epicatechin (EPI), the most abundant flavonoid in cacao has been reported to replicate such effects. However its mechanisms of action have not been fully elucidated.In a rat model of high-fat diet-induced obesity and its associated crdiometabolic risk factors, we administered 1 mg/kg of EPI, by gavage, for 2 weeks. Endpoints included weight-gain, glycemia,