Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Oxidative Stress in Aging
In senile mice, (-)-epicatechin restored markers linked to mitochondrial biogenesis and improved oxidative-stress and aging-related indicators.
Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Structure in Type 2 Diabetes and Heart Failure
This clinical study reported improved skeletal-muscle mitochondrial structure and increased markers of mitochondrial biogenesis after epicatechin-rich cocoa in patients with type 2 diabetes and heart failure.
Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Muscle Cells via GPER
In C2C12 myotubes, (-)-epicatechin stimulated mitochondrial biogenesis and cell growth, and the study implicated the G-protein–coupled estrogen receptor in that response.
White Fat Browning and Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Adipose Tissue
This study found that (-)-epicatechin promoted browning-related changes in adipocytes and white adipose tissue, with associated improvements in mitochondrial function and thermogenic markers.
Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Muscle Regeneration, and Human Neuromuscular Disease
In adults with Becker muscular dystrophy, (-)-epicatechin increased markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle regeneration, suggesting a potentially relevant biological response in a human neuromuscular condition.