eNOS Activation and Nitric Oxide Signaling Pathways
This study found that (-)-epicatechin activates endothelial nitric oxide synthase and increases nitric oxide signaling in endothelial cells, helping define a plausible endothelial mechanism for vascular benefit.
GPER Receptor and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Production
The authors report that the effects of (-)-epicatechin in endothelial cells involve GPER, adding a specific receptor-linked explanation for observed vascular signaling responses.