(-)-Epicatechin rich cocoa mediated modulation of oxidative stress regulators in skeletal muscle of heart failure and type 2 diabetes patients
In patients with heart failure and type 2 diabetes, (-)-epicatechin-rich cocoa modulated oxidative-stress regulators in skeletal muscle, supporting an effect on redox biology in clinically relevant tissue.
Perturbations in skeletal muscle sarcomere structure in patients with heart failure and Type 2 diabetes: restorative effects of (−)-epicatechinrich cocoa
This clinical study found structural sarcomere abnormalities in skeletal muscle from patients with heart failure and type 2 diabetes, and reported restorative effects after (-)-epicatechin-rich cocoa intake.
(-)-Epicatechin induces mitochondrial biogenesis and markers of muscle regeneration in adults with Becker muscular dystrophy
In adults with Becker muscular dystrophy, (-)-epicatechin increased markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle regeneration, suggesting a potentially relevant biological response in a human neuromuscular condition.
(–)-Epicatechin enhances fatigue resistance and oxidative capacity in mouse muscle
This animal study found that (-)-epicatechin improved fatigue resistance and oxidative capacity in mouse muscle, supporting a mitochondrial or oxidative-metabolism effect in skeletal muscle.
Effect of (-)-epicatechin on the modulation of progression markers of chronic renal damage in a 5/6 nephrectomy experimental model
In a 5/6 nephrectomy model, this study evaluated whether (-)-epicatechin altered biomarkers linked to progression of chronic renal damage, reporting modulation of disease-relevant markers.
Neurological Restorative Effects of (-)-Epicatechin in a Model of Gulf War Illness
This study examined a Gulf War illness model and reported neurological restorative effects with (-)-epicatechin treatment, extending the literature into neurobehavioral and neuroinflammatory contexts.
Effects of (−)-epicatechin on neuroinflammation and hyperphosphorylation of tau in the hippocampus of aged mice
In aged mice, (-)-epicatechin reduced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and tau hyperphosphorylation in the hippocampus, while also improving several behavioral and inflammatory measures.
Stimulatory effects of (−)-epicatechin and its enantiomer (+)-epicatechin on mouse frontal cortex neurogenesis markers and short-term memory: proof of concept
This mouse study compared (-)-epicatechin with its stereoisomer (+)-epicatechin for effects on frontal-cortex-dependent short-term working memory and neurogenesis-related markers. Both compounds increased markers linked to neuronal proliferation, capillary density, nitric-oxide signaling, and memory performance, with (+)-epicatechin generally showing stronger effects.
Effects of (−)-epicatechin on frontal cortex DAPC and dysbindin of the mdx mice
This study evaluated whether (-)-epicatechin could restore dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPC) components and dysbindin in the prefrontal cortex of mdx mice, a model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. After four weeks of treatment, (-)-epicatechin partially recovered multiple DAPC-related proteins and associated interactions, suggesting a shift toward a healthier brain protein profile.