Oxidative Stress Regulation in Skeletal Muscle Under Clinical Metabolic Strain
In patients with heart failure and type 2 diabetes, (-)-epicatechin-rich cocoa modulated oxidative-stress regulators in skeletal muscle, supporting an effect on redox biology in clinically relevant tissue.
Skeletal Muscle Structure, Regeneration, and Cardiometabolic Health
This clinical study found structural sarcomere abnormalities in skeletal muscle from patients with heart failure and type 2 diabetes, and reported restorative effects after (-)-epicatechin-rich cocoa intake.
Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Muscle Regeneration, and Human Neuromuscular Disease
In adults with Becker muscular dystrophy, (-)-epicatechin increased markers of mitochondrial biogenesis and muscle regeneration, suggesting a potentially relevant biological response in a human neuromuscular condition.