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    Peer-Reviewed Papers

    Explore published research on mitochondrial function, cellular energy, (-)-epicatechin, vascular biology, and related metabolic pathways. Browse by specialization below to quickly find the papers most relevant to your interests.

    Featured Papers

    Improving Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women with (−)-Epicatechin

    Nájera et al., 2024 · Journal of Clinical Medicine

    Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled proof-of-concept trial evaluating cardiovascular risk–related measures in postmenopausal women using an (−)-epicatechin–enriched cacao supplement.

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    Antifibrotic Effects of (−)-Epicatechin in High-Glucose–Stimulated Cardiac Fibroblasts

    Garate-Carrillo et al., 2021 · Journal of Medicinal Food

    Cell-based mechanistic study examining how (−)-epicatechin modulates profibrotic signaling under high-glucose conditions, focusing on GPER and TGF-β1/SMAD pathways.

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    Modulation of Chronic Renal Damage Markers by (−)-Epicatechin in a 5/6 Nephrectomy Model

    Montes-Rivera et al., 2019 · Heliyon

    Preclinical study in a progressive chronic kidney disease model assessing the effects of (−)-epicatechin on biomarkers associated with renal injury progression.

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    Modulation of molecular and serological biomarkers by (−)-epicatechin consumption on a murine model of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease

    Hidalgo et al., 2025 · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
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    Improving Cardiovascular Risk in Postmenopausal Women with an (−)-Epicatechin-Based Nutraceutical: A Randomly Assigned, Double-Blind vs. Placebo, Proof-of-Concept Trial

    Nájera et al., 2024 · Journal of Clinical Medicine.
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    Co-administration of the flavanol (-)-epicatechin with doxycyclinesynergistically reduces infarct size in a model of ischemia reperfusioninjury by inhibition of mitochondrial swelling

    Ortiz-Vilchis et al., 2014 · European Journal of Pharmacology
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    The beneficial vascular effects of cacao flavanols: having your cakeand eating it too

    Ceballos & Villarreal, 2011 · Journal of Applied Physiology.
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    Enhancement of Statin Effects on Lipid Lowering and Reduction of Cardiovascular Risk Score by (−)‐Epicatechin in Proof‐of‐Concept Pilot Study

    Ormiston et al., 2025 · Clinical and Translational Science
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    Flavonoids from dark chocolate and (-)-epicatechin ameliorate high-fat diet-induced decreases in mobility and muscle damage in aging mice

    Nájera et al., 2020 · Food Bioscience.
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    Effects of (−)-epicatechin on molecular modulators of skeletal muscle growth and differentiation

    Gutierrez-Salmean et al., 2014 · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry
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    Cocoa to Improve Walking Performance in Older People With Peripheral Artery Disease: The COCOA-PAD Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial

    McDermott et al., 2020 · Circulation Research
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    Epicatechin-Enriched Cacao Subproducts Improve Cognition in Older Subjects: Proof of Concept

    Nájera et al., 2025 · Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences.
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    SARS-CoV-2 induces mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death by oxidative stress/inflammation in leukocytes of COVID-19 patients

    De la Cruz-Enríquez et al., 2021 · Free Radical Research
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    Mitochondrial dysfunction in long COVID: mechanisms, consequences, and potential therapeutic approaches

    Molnár et al., 2024 · GeroScience
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    Impaired Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell (PBMC) Mitochondrial Respiration Is Associated with Mortality and Long COVID Syndrome Severity in COVID-19 Patients

    Charles et al., 2025 · International Journal of Molecular Sciences
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