Peer-Reviewed Papers

Explore published research on mitochondrial function, cellular energy, (-)-epicatechin, vascular biology, and related metabolic pathways. Browse by specialization below to quickly find the papers most relevant to your interests.

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Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk Improvement Using Cacao By-Products in a Diet-Induced Obesity Murine Model

Hidalgo et al., 2019 · Journal of Medicinal Food
In a diet-induced obesity mouse model, cacao by-products were associated with improvements in obesity-related and cardiovascular risk measures.

Effects of (−)-epicatechin on a diet-induced rat model of cardiometabolic risk factors

Gutiérrez-Salmeán et al., 2014 · European Journal of Pharmacology
This paper found that (-)-epicatechin improved multiple cardiometabolic risk factors in a diet-induced rat model.

A pilot study on clinical pharmacokinetics andpreclinical pharmacodynamics of (+)-epicatechinon cardiometabolic endpoints

Moreno-Ulloa et al., 2018 · Food & Function
This pilot study evaluated the pharmacokinetics, initial safety, and early cardiometabolic effects of (+)-epicatechin in humans and preclinical models, suggesting a favorable early profile.

(-)-Epicatechin Ameliorates Cardiac Fibrosis in a Female Rat Model of Pre-Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction

Bustamante-Pozo et al., 2022 · Journal of Medicinal Food
In a female rat pre-HFpEF model, (-)-epicatechin reduced markers of cardiac fibrosis, suggesting antifibrotic potential in early-stage disease.

Effect of cocoa flavanol supplementation for the prevention of cardiovascular disease events: the COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study (COSMOS) randomized clinical trial

Sesso et al., 2022 · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
The headline result is mixed: null for the primary total-CVD endpoint, but lower CVD death.

Antifibrotic Effects of (-)-Epicatechin on High Glucose Stimulated Cardiac Fibroblasts

Garate-Carrillo et al., 2021 · Journal of Medicinal Food
In high-glucose–stimulated cardiac fibroblasts, (-)-epicatechin showed antifibrotic effects, supporting a cell-level mechanism relevant to hyperglycemic remodeling.

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